The university sector has become increasingly competitive in recent years, prompting a surge in scholarly interest among researchers and academics. Due to the intensity of competition, universities deploy various competitive strategies aimed at mitigating against these challenges and thereby enhancing their performance. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of differentiation strategy on the performance of chartered private universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on Strategic Balance Theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design and targeted 18 Chartered Private Universities with a target population of 870 senior university managers. Using statistical formulae, a sample of 274 was obtained and which was allocated using proportionate stratified sampling. Thereafter, simple random sampling was used in targeting respondents in each university. The study used structured questionnaires to collect data. The tool was piloted to ensure it met both validity and reliability requirements. Data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of SPSS. The study established that differentiation strategy [r=.491**, p=.000], had a moderate and positive correlation with performance of chartered private universities. The R-square value of 0.241 indicates that differentiation strategy explains 24.1% of variation in performance of chartered private universities. We concluded that differentiation strategy was significant predictor of performance of chartered private universities. We recommend the need for private universities to align their product differentiation strategies to market needs and to tailor their price differentiation strategies in order to develop and implement competitively priced programs.
Cost Leadership Strategy and Performance of Chartered Private Universities in Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Pages 10-16
William Kipkemoi Kimno || Dr. Josphat Kwasira || Prof. Peter Njuguna Mwaura
Universities play a crucial role in fostering economic growth; however, private universities in Kenya face multiple challenges, including concerns over the quality of education, financial instability, competition, which directly impacts their performance. Private universities have thus implemented various competitive strategies though their effects have not been fully established. The purpose of the study was to analyze the influence of cost leadership strategy on the performance of chartered private universities in Kenya. The study was anchored on Transaction Cost Economics Theory. The study employed a descriptive survey research design and targeted 18 Chartered Private Universities. Respondents targeted were deputy vice chancellors, deans, head of departments, directors and campus directors who totaled 870. Using statistical formulae, a sample of 274 was obtained and which was allocated using proportionate stratified sampling. Thereafter, simple random sampling was used in targeting respondents in each university. The study used structured questionnaires to collect data. The tool was piloted to ensure it met both validity and reliability requirements. Data was analyzed descriptively and inferentially with the aid of SPSS. The study established that cost leadership strategy [r=.552**, p=.000], had a moderate and positive correlation with performance of chartered private universities. The R-square value of 0.305 indicates that cost leadership strategy explains 30.5% of variation in performance of chartered private universities. We concluded that cost leadership strategy was significant predictor of performance of chartered universities. Were commend the need for private universities to continuously upgrade their cost control regulations and cost reduction initiatives.
The Moderating Effect of Customer Perceived Value on The Relationship Between Service Quality and Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel Industry in Cabadbaran City Original Research Article Country Philippines
This study investigates the relationship between service quality, perceived value, and customer satisfaction in the hotel industry in Cabadbaran City. Drawing upon the Expectation-Confirmation Theory (ECT) and relevant literature, a conceptual framework is developed to guide the research. Data were collected through a cross-sectional survey from hotel guests, yielding a sample size of 150 respondents. Descriptive analysis reveals that both service quality and perceived value are perceived very positively, with mean scores falling within the "Very High" category. Furthermore, correlation and moderation analyses demonstrate a significant positive relationship between service quality and customer satisfaction, as well as a moderating effect of perceived value on this relationship. Specifically, the combined impact of service quality and perceived value on customer satisfaction is found to be greater than the sum of their individual effects. These findings underscore the importance of maintaining high service quality standards and delivering perceived value-added services to enhance overall customer satisfaction in the hotel industry of Cabadbaran City. The study contributes to theoretical understanding and offers practical insights for hotel managers to optimize service delivery and foster greater guest loyalty.
Oil Prices, Economic Growth, and Inflation Dynamics in Morocco: an Ardl Bounds Test Analysis Original Research Article Country Morocco
This study examines the dynamic relationship between international crude oil prices, broad money supply, economic growth (GDP growth), and inflation with-in the Moroccan economy, utilizing annual time series data, with the primary aim of ascertaining the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship and quantifying both the long-run impacts and short-run adjustment dynamics among these key macroeconomic variables for Morocco, a net oil-importing country. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) boundstest approach to cointegration served as the core analytical framework. Prior to cointegration testing, the station- arity properties of all variables were assessed using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller(ADF) unitroot test, and an Error Correction Model (ECM) was subsequently estimated to capture short-run dynamics and the speed of adjustment. Granger causality tests were performed to evaluate predictive relationships, and rigorous diagnostic tests, including checks for parameter stability, residual normality, serial correlation, and heteroskedasticity, were conducted to ensure model robustness. The ADF tests revealed a mixed order of integration among the variables, confirming the suitability of the ARDL methodology, and the ARDL bounds test provided strong statistical evidence rejecting the null hypothesis of no cointegration, thus establishing a stable long-run relationship among the variables. Long-run estimates indicated that broad money supply exerts a statistically significant positive influence on inflation, while crude oil prices and GDP growth did not demonstrate significant long-run effects on inflation in this model. The ECM estimation yielded a highly significant error correction term, confirming cointegration and indicating a strong adjustment mechanism towards long-run equilibrium. Short-run results highlighted significant positive impacts from GDP growth on inflation changes and substantial inflation persistence, while Granger causality tests suggested limited short-term predictability between most variable pairs, apart from unidirectional causality from GDP growth to broad money. The estimated model successfully passed all diagnostic checks. This research offers updated empirical insights into the determinants of inflation in Morocco using a robust methodology suitable for mixed integration orders, quantifying the significant long-run role of monetary aggregates versus the statistically insignificant direct long-run impact of oil prices and growth, thereby providing valuable information for monetary policy formulation and macroeconomic management in Morocco.
The Influence of Risk and Trust on Buying Behavior of Online Consumers in Tagum City Original Research Article Country Philippines
The growth of e-commerce has transformed consumer behavior globally, including in an emerging urban city like Tagum. The study examined how consumers in Tagum City make their online purchases based on their perceived risk levels and trust in the process. The research analyzed six risk domains, which include financial risk, product risk, security risk, time risk, social risk, and psychological risk, as well as domains of trust such as competence, predictability, and goodwill. The study also examined online buying behavior through personal, psychological, and social factors. Quantitative data were gathered from a sample of online consumers in Tagum City using adapted and modified questionnaires. The study revealed that the level of risk among online shoppers in Tagum City is high, with financial, time and product risks being the most remarkable. Inferential analysis showed that domains of risk, except psychological risk, significantly influenced online buying behavior. Additionally, trust also influenced online buying behavior, with competence emerging as the strongest predictor. Overall, the study's results suggest that while risk remains a barrier for consumers to participate in online shopping, building consumer trust can lessen or mitigate this effect significantly. Thus, findings provide practical implications for online businesses, digital marketers, platform developers, and policymakers in formulating guidelines, enabling them to increase customer trust, lower perceived risks, and create an inclusive digital and sustainable economy.
The Effectiveness of Existing Government local Initiatives in Supporting the Development of Businesses at the Barangay Level in Tagoloan, Misamis Oriental Original Research Article Country Philippines
Pages 78-91
Dr. Alex L. Señara || Dr. Jeddah Q. Justol || Herson D. Bation || Joresa Sabellina Lim
This analysis of Tagoloan's entrepreneurial ecosystem reveals a generally positive perception of existing support programs, including financial assistance, training, business registration, mentorship, market access, and tax incentives, contributing to business growth and job creation. However, findings consistently highlight areas for enhancement across these initiatives. Recommendations include implementing more granular evaluations and targeted outreach for financial aid, enhancing business management skills training and workshop duration, streamlining registration processes and cost transparency, structuring mentorship with clearer goals and confidence-building, broadening market access program inclusivity, strategically aligning tax incentives with growth and diverse business needs, bolstering overall economic activity and future business confidence through targeted support, fostering stronger local business-resident linkages to enhance community-wide economic impact, and refining support programs to better incentivize hiring across a wider range of skill levels. Implementing these recommendations, informed by further investigation and stakeholder feedback, will be crucial for maximizing the effectiveness and inclusivity of Tagoloan's entrepreneurial support system, fostering sustainable economic development within the local context of Northern Mindanao, Philippines.
Contract Management Risks and Performance of Kenya Rural Roads Authority Projects in Turkana County, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Contract management risks manifest in uncertainties that can influence the effectiveness of acquiring necessary inputs for project. They introduce variability into the procurement process, challenging the consistency and reliability of project delivery. Undesirable performance of projects has remained persistent challenge among parastatals in Kenya. This issue is particularly evident in the Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) construction projects, where delays, cost overruns, and quality concerns are common. These challenges underscore the possible existence of procurement risks, contract management risks in particular that undermine the performance of projects. The current study assessed the effect of contract management risks on performance of Kenya Rural Roads Authority projects in Turkana County, Kenya. The study employed an explanatory research design within a positivist paradigm. The target population included 40 projects in Turkana County. Each project contributed three respondents: a project manager, a contractor, and a community representative, totaling 120. A sample of 95 was determined using Yamane’s formula. Simple random sampling was used to select participants. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire. Data analysis was aided by SPSS Version 25. Descriptive statistics included means, frequencies, percentages, and standard deviations. Inferential statistics involved Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Results were presented in tables. Descriptive findings indicate that contract management risks affect the performance. Correlation analysis revealed significant relationship, with coefficients of r = 0.710**. This means that contract management risks affects the performance of projects by KeRRA projects. Regression analysis showed an R² value of 0.505, meaning contract management risks explain 50.5% of the variation in project performance. The study concludes that procurement risks significantly affect the performance of KeRRA projects. In conclusion, contract management and communication risks lead to project delays, increased costs, and work disruptions due to misunderstandings, specification errors, and supplier conflicts. The study recommends that KeRRA standardize contract terms and maintain regular communication with all parties to minimize disputes and improve project performance.
Value-Driven Agility and Premium Revenue Growth of
Insurance Companies in Nairobi County, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Value-driven agility in strategic planning align enhance adaptability and enable effective decision-making in rapidly changing markets. By embedding value considerations into iterative planning processes, insurers navigate market volatility, emerging risks, and evolving customer preferences to maintain sustainable performance. However, insurance companies in Kenya continue to face performance challenges, particularly in achieving sustainable premium revenue growth. The current study examined the influence of value-driven agility on premium revenue growth of insurance companies. The study was anchored on dynamic capabilities theory. A descriptive research design was utilized, helping in generating reliable and valid insights into the specific relationship between value-based agility and premium revenue growth. The target population comprised the 42 insurance companies operating in Nairobi County. The managers comprising operations managers and marketing and customer experience managers from each insurance company were targeted. Thus, the researcher involved 2 respondents from each of the companies hence the total of 84 respondents. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Data was analyzed through descriptive and inferential methods with aid of Statistical Packages for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results were presented in tables. The descriptive findings revealed that value-driven agility has a positive influence on the premium revenue growth of insurance companies. This means that insurers that align strategic responsiveness with value-based priorities are more likely to achieve improved revenue growth. Further, it was found that relationship between the value-driven agility and premium revenue growth was significant (r=0.680**; p=0.000). The findings indicate that increased adoption of value-driven agility contributes to higher premium revenue growth, as it helps insurers prioritize customercentric strategies that enhance satisfaction. Regression analysis findings showed that value-driven agility accounted for 46.2% of the variation in premium revenue growth (R² = 0.462), with a one-unit increase in value-driven agility resulting in a 0.624-unit rise in premium revenue. The t-value (t = 7.236; p = 0.000) confirmed the statistical significance of this relationship at the 95% confidence level, affirming that value-driven agility significantly influences premium revenue growth in insurance companies. The study concludes that value-driven agility is essential for improving the performance of insurance companies, particularly in boosting premium revenue growth. It enables insurers to better align their strategies with changing customer needs and preferences. The study recommends that insurance companies adopt a customer-centric approach. By embedding customer value into strategic decisions, insurers can better meet market demands, enhance policyholder satisfaction, and ultimately drive sustained growth in premium revenue
Debt Financing Decisions and Financial Performance of Manufacturing Companies Listed on Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Debt financing decisions shape the firm's cost of capital and risk exposure. Specifically, an optimal debt structure drive returns and support long-term growth. Nonetheless, manufacturing firms in Kenya continue to experience inadequate financial performance, characterized by operational inefficiencies and constrained growth. It is against this challenge that the present study examined the effect of debt financing decisions on the financial performance of manufacturing companies listed on the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The research was anchored on pecking order theory. The researcher employed a descriptive research design, chosen for its objective to depict and characterize phenomena or groups without influencing them. The target population was the 7 manufacturing companies listed with Nairobi Securities Exchange. Data analysis involved both descriptive and inferential methods. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) aided the analysis, and the results were presented through tables. The descriptive findings established that debt financing decisions affect the financial performance to a great extent. The correlation analysis revealed strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between debt financing decisions (r=0.755**, p=0.000) and the financial performance. It thus revealed that debt financing decisions significantly affect financial performance. The regression analysis results show that the coefficient of determination was (R² = 0.570) implying that 57% of the variation in the financial performance of manufacturing companies was explained by debt financing decisions. The study concluded that a company's approach to structuring and managing its debt including the balance between short- and long-term borrowing, interest commitments, and overall leverage directly influence its profitability, return on assets, and overall financial performance. The study recommends that manufacturing companies evaluate the balance between debt costs and financial risk, optimize their debt ratios, and continuously monitor their debt structure to effectively manage financial risk and enhance financial performance.
Resource Adequacy and Implementation of Government Funded Secondary School Construction Projects in Nakuru City, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Adequacy of resources is vital in the undertaking of projects. However, in Kenya, the implementation of construction projects in public secondary schools has faced significant challenges. These include prolonged timelines, poor workmanship, and incomplete facilities. The present study assessed the effect of resource adequacy on implementation of government-funded secondary school construction projects in NakuruCity, Kenya. The study was anchored on Resource-based view theory. A descriptive research design was used. The target population was the construction projects within 30 public secondary schools in Nakuru City. The secondary school principals, chairman of board of management, and chairman of parents and teachers association were the unit of observation. Descriptive findings show that the implementation of projects was affected by the adequacy of resources. The results of the correlation analysis reveal a significant relationship between resource adequacy and the implementation of construction projects in public secondary schools (r=0.634**; p=0.000) at a 1% significance level. This positive correlation indicates that an increase in financial, human, and material resources contributes to more effective project implementation. This underscores the importance of adequate resources in the implementation of projects. According to regression analysis results, the oefficient of determination was R2=0.402, indicating that the resource adequacy in terms of financial, material and human resources accounted for 40.2% variation in project implementation. Therefore, resource adequacy affected the implementation of government-funded construction projects in public secondary schools in NakuruCity. The study also concludes that access to sufficient material, financial and human resources minimizes the risk of interruptions or delays that may be occasioned by procurement issues. As such, effective implementation of construction projects in public secondary schools is dependent on resource adequacy.The study recommends that the government should allocate adequate financial resources at the start of each project to avoid delays or cost overruns to enhance effective implementation of construction projects in public secondary schools.
Supply Chain Process Mapping and Supply Chain Performance of Food Manufacturing Firms in Nakuru County, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
Supply chain process mapping enables the visualization of workflows, allowing organizations to identify inefficiencies and improve overall supply chain efficiency. By systematically analyzing each phase of the procurement and distribution cycle, firms can detect redundant tasks, pinpoint bottlenecks, and eliminate activities that do not add value. In the food manufacturing firms’ supply chain, process mapping guide the flow of materials, information, and activities from sourcing to product delivery. However, Kenya’s food manufacturing sub-sector faces ongoing supply chain challenges, including low value addition and high production costs. Sector performance has stagnated, with real Gross Value Added rising only 1.3% in 2024, down from 1.7% in 2023. The contribution to GDP dropped from 7.8% in 2022 to 7.6% in 2023, pointing to inefficiencies within supply chains as likely contributors. The current research assessed the influence of supply chain process mapping on supply chain performance among food manufacturing firms in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was guided by six sigma model. This study utilized a descriptive survey research design and the target population was 15 food manufacturing firms operating in Nakuru County. The study’s unit of observation included the personnel in the procurement/supply chain departments, comprising the 64 procurement managers, logistics officers, production managers, and warehouse managers. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and analysis was aided by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). It was specifically analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical analysis methods. The results showed that the correlation coefficient (r=0.505**; p=0.000) was significant at 0.01 level of significance. This demonstrates that there existed a significant relationship between supply chain process mapping and the supply chain performance. It implies that food manufacturing firms’ supply chain performance was influenced by the supply chain process mapping. As per regression analysis results, the coefficient of determination was (R2=0.255) indicating that supply chain process mapping accounted for 25.5% of supply chain performance. The beta coefficient (β = 0.356) implies that one-unit change in supply chain process mapping leads to a 0.356- unit change in supply chain performance. Additionally, the t-value of 3.920 with p-value= 0.000 confirm that this relationship was statistically significant. These results demonstrate that supply chain process mapping has a significant influence on the supply chain performance of food manufacturing firms. The study concludes that process mapping within supply chain reengineering reduces inefficiencies and lead times hence enhance supply chain performance of food manufacturing firms. The study recommends that food manufacture ring firms adopt integrated and regularly updated process mapping continuously improve the supply chain performance.
Customer Experience Management and Behavioral Intentions in Hotel among Local Tourist Original Research Article Country Philippines
Pages 135-143
MULA, ROSEMIE D. REBUYAS || ROCELYN L. SUBRIDA || ORLAN PAUL P.
Customer Experience Management has been a critical factor in attracting and retaining customers with a positive guest experience, which leads to repeat business and positive reviews. It includes many different aspects that contribute to overall customer satisfaction. This research sought to identify the factors influencing customer experience management and behavioral intention in hotels among local tourists in Davao City. The study's primary objective is to assess the level of the destination facilities, accommodation services, and incoming travel agencies that can affect customer behavioral intention in hotels in Davao City. The descriptive method was utilized in this study using an adapted, modified questionnaire. The study included a total of 400 respondents. The result showed that most local tourists have a positive response to the hotel's independent factors and behavioral intention in a hotel in Davao City. The findings ofthe research indicate that accommodation services are at the highest level among local tourists. The researcher’s advice is to maintain the highest level of accommodation services in all areas, which indicates cleanliness of the hotel, hospitable staff, safety of the hotel, food quality, and service quality. This implementation will have a positive impact on potential returning customers. Future researchers intend to conduct related research and may use this study as a reference as their guide.
"Enhancing MSME Competitiveness through Strengthening Financial Governance and Digital Marketing Strategies: A Case Study of BUMDES Serdang Wetan Tangerang" Original Research Article Country Indonesia
This community service program aims to enhance the competitiveness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) through the strengthening of financial governance and the implementation of digital marketing strategies. The program was conducted with MSMEs under the management of BUMDES Serdang Wetan Tangerang, which faces challenges in financial management and marketing strategies. By improving financial governance, including budgeting, cash flow management, and financial reporting, MSMEs can ensure better financial sustainability and transparency. Additionally, the integration of digital marketing tools, such as social media platforms and e-commerce, enables businesses to expand their market reach and increase sales. This program involved training and workshops for the MSME owners and managers to enhance their understanding and practical skills in managing finances and marketing their products online. The results showed a significant increase in the participants' knowledge and skills regarding financial management and the use of digital tools in marketing. Participants expressed a high level of interest in applying the knowledge gained to improve their business operations. The program also produced a set of practical resources, including financial management templates and a digital marketing guide, to support the ongoing development of the MSMEs involved. The program successfully contributed to the empowerment of MSMEs in BUMDES Serdang Wetan, with long-term benefits expected in improving their business performance and market competitiveness.
Taxpayer’s Commitment and Tax Knowledge as Predictors ofSmall-Medium Enterprises’ (SMEs) Tax Compliance Original Research Article Country Philippines
This study measures the behaviors affecting the tax activities of the local business taxpayers and promotes the collection and revenue generation of the government through small and medium enterprises. This study used a non-experimental quantitative research design using correlational techniques with 400 respondents, duly registered taxpayers in Tagum City, chosen through Systematic Random Sampling. The results suggest that taxpayer commitment is present but only sometimes observed, pointing to potential gaps in sustained tax compliance behavior. Moreover, taxpayers possess a basic or average understanding of tax-related concepts, obligations, and rights, but this knowledge is not consistent or deeply embedded across all individuals—some taxpayers are informed while others are not, potentially leading to inconsistent compliance behavior. Furthermore, the SMEs are inconsistent in adhering to tax obligations such as timely filing, accurate reporting, and full payment of taxes, highlighting a lukewarm or conditional compliance attitude; SMEs may comply under certain circumstances but not uniformly or voluntarily. The significance of the results of this study may contribute to the existing literature on tax compliance by offering dependable and precise concepts for evaluating compliance among taxpayers of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (SMEs) in Tagum City and provide additional perceptions and understanding
Social Media Marketing and E-Word of Mouth (E-WOM) as Predictors of Online Consumers’ Purchase Intention Original Research Article Country Philippines
What drives online consumers to purchase is an essential concern for businesses in today's digital era. Understanding its factors could lead to overall success and effectively sustain the business's competitive advantage. However, with the many available choices spreading online, consumers rely heavily on social media information and peer recommendations to drive their intention to purchase. Even in this digitally active world, many businesses still struggle to effectively utilize Social Media Marketing (SMM) and Electronic Word of Mouth (eWOM) to empower consumer decisions. This gap includes missed engagement opportunities that could drive sales conversions. Social media platforms are recent powerful tools that shape consumer behavior and greatly impact customer choices as these tools often outperformed the impact of old approaches from traditional, in-person advertising. Businesses may benefit from this research by successfully incorporating these components to improve their online presence, significantly increasing consumer action. This study examines the relationship between these methods, explains how a business could leverage social media and e-word-of-mouth to improve engagement and gives organizations insight into how to use this for e-commerce success in the digital marketplace.
School Learning Action Cell (Slac): Its Relationship on The Professional Development of Mathematics Teachers In Southwest District, Butuan City Original Research Article Country Philippines
This descriptive-correlational study examined the relationship between School Learning Action Cell (SLAC) implementation and the professional development of 40 mathematics teachers (20 elementary, 20 secondary) in Butuan City's southwest district. A validated questionnaire assessed SLAC implementation levels and its impact on teachers' subject matter mastery, pedagogical skills, assessment strategies, and professional ethics. Weighted mean and Spearman correlation (ρ) were used for analysis. Results showed a high level of SLAC implementation and a significant positive influence on all aspects of teachers' professional development. Teachers reported improved understanding of math concepts, enhanced teaching abilities, increased confidence, and better ability to address misconceptions due to SLAC. Pedagogical skills, including teaching strategies, effective methods, and classroom management, were also significantly improved. SLAC positively influenced assessment skills and professional ethics. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive relationship between SLAC implementation and assessment skill development. Significant positive correlations were also found during LAC sessions between SLAC implementation and the development of pedagogical and assessment skills. Post-LAC activities further enhanced pedagogical skills, assessment skills, and professional ethics. In conclusion, SLAC implementation positively impacts the professional growth of mathematics teachers, improving their content knowledge, teaching practices, assessment strategies, and professional conduct.
An Analysis of Spa and Wellness Facilities Original Research Article Country Philippines
Pages 190-200
Art Winsel A. Samsona || Gersom Q. Desamparado || Dindo D. Silud
Modern tourists are increasingly choosing to travel to escape their everyday routines and have access to new pleasures and experiences. This has made spas one of the most attractive travel locations that isn't just related to health tourism. The study aims to investigate customer preferences, experiences, and satisfaction with spa and wellness, analyzing the relationship. A randomly selected 400 respondents in Davao City were given the adaptive survey questionnaire using a descriptive quantitative approach. Additionally, frequency, mean, and regression analyses were conducted and analyzed statistically. The results show that customer preference, experience, and satisfaction are high, as seen by consistently good mean scores for every indicator. The analysis shows that the three factors strongly correlate with one another and that customer preferences significantly impact their experiences and level of satisfaction. Positive experiences have also been shown to raise satisfaction levels directly. The findings highlight the need to comprehend customer expectations and provide reliable, superior services to guarantee customer satisfaction. This study highlights how spas and wellness can enhance the services while pinpointing areas that need specific enhancements to improve customer experiences. The insights offer recommendations for improving services and future research directions.
Technological and Pedagogical Knowledge of Senior High School Teachers: Basis for an Enhancement Program Original Research Article Country Philippines
Pages 201-215
MICHELLE M. JAGONIA || SHADRACH MALANA || LPT, MACDDS || ALLEN SEAN R. PENTOJO, LPT
This study assessed the technological and pedagogical competencies of Senior High School (SHS) teachers within the San Francisco District, Agusan del Sur. The research specifically focused on the disparity between teachers' self-efficacy beliefs and their demonstrated capacity to integrate technology effectively into classroom instruction. Employing descriptive-correlational methods, the study analyzed the relationships among teacher demographics, self-efficacy perceptions, and levels of technological knowledge. Data were collected through surveys and interviews. The findings indicated that while teachers reported high levels of self-efficacy, this did not consistently correlate with effective technological integration in their teaching practices. The study's results underscore the necessity for targeted professional development initiatives and have informed the proposal of an intervention program, Project TEACH, which aims to enhance teachers' technological and pedagogical skills. The implications of these findings emphasize the importance of ongoing, tailored support mechanisms to ensure that SHS teachers can effectively leverage technology to optimize student learning outcomes
Academic Performance of Senior High School Students In Entrepreneurship: Basis for A Contextualized Enrichment Program Original Research Article Country Philippines
Pages 216-233
VERMAR C. CUBAROL || DEXTER DAVE V. JAMERO, MAED, ELM || FE C. ORTIZ, CPA, MSBA
This study investigated the interplay between personal factors (motivation, study habits, and student engagement) and learning environment factors (instructional materials, teaching competencies, and work immersion) in predicting the academic success of Senior High School students in entrepreneurship within the North District of Bayugan City. Grounded in Self-Determination Theory (SDT), the research aimed to identify specific areas for improvement and propose a contextually relevant enrichment program designed to address the unique needs of the students. While existing literature underscores the importance of these personal and environmental influences on academic outcomes, a gap persists in effectively translating theoretical entrepreneurship knowledge into practical skills. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the study utilized validated questionnaires administered to 221 students to analyze the relationships between the identified factors and academic performance. Key findings indicated high levels of student motivation and engagement, yet revealed a significant disparity between student performance in practical tasks and written assessments, particularly in quarterly examinations. This discrepancy underscores a critical need for interventions that effectively bridge the theory-practice divide in entrepreneurship education. Consequently, the study culminated in the development of two distinct enrichment programs: Project ENTREP, focusing on the cultivation of hands-on entrepreneurial skills, and Project VIBE, aimed at enhancing the diversity and effectiveness of instructional materials. These programs are designed to foster both academic achievement and practical entrepreneurial competency, thereby equipping students with the essential theoretical understanding and practical skills necessary for future entrepreneurial endeavors. This research addresses a crucial need for enhancing entrepreneurship education in rural contexts and contributes to the broader academic discourse on improving educational outcomes through the implementation of contextualized learning approaches.
Voices from the Newbie School Administrators of Indigenous People (Ip): A Phenomenological Study Original Research Article Country Philippines
This study is qualitative in nature specifically phenomenological type transcribing newbie school administrators in an Indigenous People school. The theories anchored on this study were System Theory and Fielder’s Contingency of Leadership. Findings revealed the major themes were (1) Handling conflicts, (2) Managing teachers and staff, (3) Leadership Style, (4) Budget allocation (5) policies on discipline (6) children’s academic progress, (7) learning resource (8) geographical barriers, (9) access to quality education, (10) self-care practice, (11) preserve mental and emotional, (12) Manage stress and burn out (13) divine self-style, (14) Empowered teachers and staff, (15) Contextualization and indigenization of curriculum, (16) Community linkages, (17) IP culture and tradition preservation and, (18) Managing stress. It can be seen that the role of the school administrators as stipulated in their description were a listener, technical assistant and as supervisor, supportive, flexible collaborative leader, mediator, linkage with elders, democratic, with grievance committee, transformational leadership, facilitative leadership, financial and infrastructures, open communication, vision, mission, and goals of the school, engagement activities, attendance to school, learning gadgets and apparatus, supervision, instructional materials, curriculum innovation, learning environment, organize and priorities, time management, maintain mental and emotional resilience, family bonding, collaborating with teacher, healthy self-style, teamwork, integrating Ip culture into the curriculum, good community relationship, sustaining culture, customs and tradition and self-care process.
The Influence of Leadership and Communication on Motivation and Its Impact on Employee Performance (A Study at the Health Office of Musi Banyuasin Regency) Original Research Article Country Indonesia
This study aims to analyze the influence of Leadership and Communication on Motivation and its Impact on Employee Performance at the Musi Banyuasin Regency Health Office, both directly and indirectly. The sample in the study was all state civil servants at the Musi Banyuasin Regency Health Office, totaling 86 people with a total sample of 86 people. The results of the study found that Leadership has a positive and significant effect on Work Motivation. Communication has a positive and significant effect on Work Motivation. Work Motivation has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. Leadership has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. Communication has a positive and significant effect on Employee Performance. The Influence of Leadership on Employee Performance at the Musi Banyuasin Regency Health Office has an indirect effect on Work Discipline as a mediating variable. The Influence of Work Motivation on Employee Performance at the Musi Banyuasin Regency Health Office has an indirect effect on Work Discipline as a mediating variable.
Factors Contributing to Non-Compliance with Public Procurement Procedures in Zambia: A Case Study of Public Institutions in Lusaka District Original Research Article Country Zambia
Pages 263-273
Abigail Nkolola || Joseph Chileshe || Mathews Zulu
Public procurement is a vital process in ensuring the efficient use of government resources and promoting transparency and accountability in public service delivery. However, non-compliance with procurement laws and regulations often undermines these goals, leading to inefficiencies, corruption, and the misallocation of public funds. The aim of the study was to investigate the factors contributing to non-compliance in procurement procedures within Zambia's public sector. The study was guided by three objectives: (i) to assess the current levels of non-compliance in the procurement system in public institutions in Zambia; (ii) to identify the key factors contributing to non-compliance with public procurement procedures in public institutions within Lusaka District; and (iii) to propose practical recommendations for improving compliance with public procurement procedures in public institutions in Lusaka District.A mixed-methods approach was employed focusing on staff from the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Infrastructure, Housing and Urban Development and Road Development Agency. A sample of 134was drawn from a population of 201 using purposive and stratified random sampling techniques. Data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire.The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. The findings revealed significant associations between non-compliance and various challenges, including lack of transparency, corruption and institutional capacity. A moderate positive correlation (0.552) was found between non-compliance and lack of transparency, indicating that reduced transparency fosters greater procurement irregularities and diminishes public trust in the system. Similarly, a strong positive correlation (0.567) was observed between non-compliance and corruption, suggesting that higher levels of corruption within public procurement contribute to breaches in regulations, undermining fair competition and accountability. In contrast, a strong negative correlation (-0.743) between non-compliance and institutional capacity highlighted the critical need to strengthen institutional frameworks, human resources, and administrative capabilities to improve compliance with procurement regulations. The study recommended several key reforms to address the identified factors contributing to non-compliance such as promoting transparency through the enhanced adoption of electronic procurement systems, public access to procurement data, and regular audits to ensure that procurement processes are open and accessible; reinforcing anti-corruption measures including stronger enforcement of anti-bribery laws, more rigorous background checks for procurement officers, and the establishment of independent oversight bodies, as well as enhancing institutional capacity through continuous training of procurement staff, the development of clear procurement guidelines, and the provision of adequate resources for procurement departments is essential. Implementing these recommendations would help reduce non-compliance, improve the integrity of Zambia's public procurement system, and ultimately lead to more efficient and accountable use of public funds.
Effect of cash reconciliations on financial performance of Kenya Power, Central Rift Region, Kenya Original Research Article Country Kenya
This study is qualitative in nature specifically phenomenological type transcribing newbie school administrators in an Indigenous People school. The theories anchored on this study were System Theory and Fielder’s Contingency of Leadership. Findings revealed the major themes were (1) Handling conflicts, (2) Managing teachers and staff, (3) Leadership Style, (4) Budget allocation (5) policies on discipline (6) children’s academic progress, (7) learning resource (8) geographical barriers, (9) access to quality education, (10) self-care practice, (11) preserve mental and emotional, (12) Manage stress and burn out (13) divine self-style, (14) Empowered teachers and staff, (15) Contextualization and indigenization of curriculum, (16) Community linkages, (17) IP culture and tradition preservation and, (18) Managing stress. It can be seen that the role of the school administrators as stipulated in their description were a listener, technical assistant and as supervisor, supportive, flexible collaborative leader, mediator, linkage with elders, democratic, with grievance committee, transformational leadership, facilitative leadership, financial and infrastructures, open communication, vision, mission, and goals of the school, engagement activities, attendance to school, learning gadgets and apparatus, supervision, instructional materials, curriculum innovation, learning environment, organize and priorities, time management, maintain mental and emotional resilience, family bonding, collaborating with teacher, healthy self-style, teamwork, integrating Ip culture into the curriculum, good community relationship, sustaining culture, customs and tradition and self-care process.
The International Community’s attitude towards Iran’s Nuclear Program Original Research Article Country Georgia
The growth of Iran's nuclear program, especially following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, has become a key topic in global politics, attracting the focus of numerous international stakeholders.This article explores the international community's stance on Iran's nuclear program, focusing on the diplomatic engagement, regional security concerns, and the broader geopolitical implications. The piece highlights key milestones in the diplomatic process, notably the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), and examines the role of major international players, including the United States, the European Union, and regional stakeholders like Israel and Saudi Arabia. The article discusses the ongoing challenges regarding Iran's nuclear ambitions and the international community's efforts to prevent the proliferation of nuclear weapons, stressing the complexity of the issue and its significance in both regional and global contexts. Despite the diplomatic strides made through agreements such as the JCPOA, the nuclear program remains a critical issue in international diplomacy, with unresolved questions regarding its future trajectory.
Digital Marketing to the Growth of Market Share to Small and Medium Grocery Retail Enterprises in Masvingo. A Case of Rivosect Private Limited in Mwenezi Original Research Article Country Zimbabwe
The impact of digital marketing on the growth of market share for small and medium grocery retail enterprises is a topic of growing global interest. In developed nations, research has shown that the strategic implementation of digital marketing techniques can help small and medium-sized grocery retailers effectively compete with larger chain stores (Calderwood & Jones, 2020). Studies conducted in the United States and Western Europe have indicated that the utilization of online platforms, social media, and targeted advertising can enable smaller grocers to reach a wider customer base, enhance brand visibility, and improve customer engagement (Wilson & Garcia, 2021). In contrast, the adoption of digital marketing strategies by small and medium grocery retailers in developing nations has faced several challenges. Researchers in countries like India and Nigeria have found that limited digital infrastructure, lack of technical expertise, and financial constraints have hindered the ability of smaller grocery enterprises to fully capitalize on the benefits of digital marketing (Patel & Sharma, 2019; Akanni&Ogunnaike, 2022). However, some studies have also highlighted the potential for digital marketing to empower these businesses, particularly in regions where e-commerce and mobile technologies are experiencing rapid growth (Gupta & Malhotra, 2021).
Blockchain: Trend in the Digital Transformation of Accounting and Auditing Original Research Article Country Vietnam
Blockchain technology is emerging as a disruptive innovation, especially in the context of digital transformation. In the accounting and auditing sectors, blockchain presents opportunities to restructure the processes of recording, validating, and verifying financial information toward greater transparency, automation, and security. However, alongside these potentials come technical, legal, and professional ethical challenges. This paper aims to analyze both the opportunities and challenges associated with the application of blockchain in accounting and auditing in Vietnam and globally, while also proposing recommendations to effectively leverage this technology.
Ethical Leadership and Organizational Justice among the Local Colleges in Misamis Oriental: It’s Influence to Employees’ Satisfaction and Performance Original Research Article Country Philippines
This study examined employees' satisfaction and performance influenced by ethical leadership and organizational justice among local colleges in Misamis Oriental. Focusing on ethical leadership in terms of accountability, trust, and transparency. School leaders with profound ethical leadership will boast and enhance employees' satisfaction in terms of intrinsic motivation like work itself, belongingness, and self- actualization as well as extrinsic motivation in terms of salary, promotion, and recognition. Employees' performance depends largely on how satisfied they are with the organizational justice practices in the organization in terms of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice, these will encourage employees to participate in the organization and engagement among employees resulting in a higher level of performance among them. Employees' performance can be measured through the quality of work, efficiency, and timeliness of output. The research explores essential features of school administrators among local colleges in Misamis Oriental assessed and evaluated by the faculty and staff in their respective schools and colleges. The paramount objective of the study is to assess administrators' ethical leadership and organizational justice and its influence on employees' satisfaction and performance. This study helps the administrator to know and assess the level of ethical leadership that will influence satisfaction and performance, this study will also measure the extent of school leaders portray their organizational commitment impacting satisfaction and performance.
Emotional Intelligence and Managerial Skills of Instructional Leaders of Local Colleges Original Research Article Country Philippines
Emotional intelligence (EI) has emerged as a critical attribute for effective leadership, particularly among instructional leaders in local colleges. This study explores the relationship between emotional intelligence and the managerial roles of instructional leaders, providing a comprehensive assessment of EI in the context of current work environments, emotional literacy, core skills, values, and outcomes. Managerial competencies were examined across the key functions of planning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling. Employing a descriptive research design, the study utilized validated questionnaires to collect data from 157 instructional leaders, with analyses conducted using mean values and multiple linear regression techniques. Findings indicate that while instructional leaders generally demonstrate high levels of emotional intelligence—especially in fostering a positive workplace climate—they often face challenges in translating emotional awareness into consistent, positive organizational outcomes. Despite strong abilities in planning and strategic decision-making, operational management remains a significant hurdle, likely exacerbated by resource limitations. The results suggest that although EI enhances leadership, there is a pressing need for instructional leaders to strengthen their application of EI in managerial controls to achieve greater leadership effectiveness. The study recommends that instructional leaders engage in continuous professional development focused on integrating emotional intelligence with managerial practices. Such initiatives are essential for cultivating a more balanced, adaptive, and impactful leadership style within the academic environment.
Loan Delinquency and Loan Recovery Strategy among Micro-Finance Institutions (Mfis) in the Province of Sarangani Original Research Article Country Philippines
This study employed the Dual Bottom-Line Theory to explore the relationship between loan recovery strategies and loan delinquency among Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in Sarangani Province. Using a descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from MFI employees across seven municipalities through a structured questionnaire. The analysis involved descriptive statistics and Spearman Rank Correlation. Findings revealed strong implementation of loan recovery strategies, notably in credit evaluation (M = 4.53), performance management (M = 4.52), and credit risk management (M = 4.30). Loan delinquency was also well-managed, with high scores in loan supervision (M = 4.45), credit appraisal (M = 4.42), and credit history evaluation (M = 4.33), yielding an overall mean of 4.40. A significant positive correlation was found between loan recovery strategies and loan delinquency management (r = 0.760, r² = 0.578, p = 0.000), indicating that effective recovery strategies explain 57.8% of the variance in delinquency management. The results highlight the strategic importance of structured, client-focused approaches in minimizing delinquency and promoting financial sustainability, affirming the relevance of data-driven practices (Schreiner, 2003) and sound internal controls (Armendáriz& Morduch, 2010; Ledgerwood, 2013) in achieving both financial and social goals within the microfinance sector.
The Perceived Readiness of Senior High Schools of Surigao Del Norte Division for the Rotc Implementation Original Research Article Country Philippines
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ALAN R. ARADO, HELEN B. MANTIZA || CARMELITA C. LIPIO || JOSEPH LESTER V. ALBA, MACDDS
This study examined the perceived readiness of Senior High Schools in Surigao del Norte Division for ROTC implementation, focusing on the status of available training staff, physical facilities, training grounds, learning resources, and funding vis-vis the profile of the school i.e. school size and its track offering. Using a descriptive research design, data were gathered from thirty-one schools through a validated researcher-made instrument, and analyzed using frequency count and thematic analysis. Findings indicated that most schools were small schools, primarily offering the academic track, with many teachers having a Basic Citizen’s Military Training (BCMT) background. While computers were commonly available, only eight schools had suitable training grounds, and learning resources varied. Funding was a major challenge, relying heavily on government allocations and donations. The study concluded that advanced teacher training, facility upgrades, additional staff, dedicated training grounds, comprehensive learning resources, and sufficient funding are crucial for successful ROTC implementation. An action plan is recommended to guide schools and stakeholders, emphasizing collaboration with government agencies to meet program implementation requirements.
The Effect of Technological Development, Compliance, Ethical Judgment, and working Experience to Auditor Capability in Detecting Fraud in the Era of Digital Transformation Original Research Article Country Indonesia
In the era of digital transformation, the landscape of fraud has evolved, presenting new challenges and opportunities for auditors. This study aims to provide the evidence about the effect of technological development, compliance, ethical judgment, and working experience on the auditor capability to detect fraud. This research used is primary data by distributing questionnaires to auditors in some business cities in Indonesia. The findings indicates that increased technological development does not necessarily lead to better fraud detection capabilities. It implies that fraudsters can also leverage technology to evade detection. Compliance to the auditing standard does not lead to a higher capability to detect fraud. Its impact may be less significant than anticipated. Increase in ethical judgment enhances an auditor’s ability to detect fraud. Surprisingly, working experience has a negative impact on auditor’s capability to detect fraud. It indicates that experienced auditors may become complacent may develop established biases or preconceptions based on earlier audit experiences, which can influence their appraisal of fraud risks and lead to mistakes in judgment. This research provides fruitful insights for the practitioners to set up proper approach on preparing the audit engagement and open the research avenue on the impact of digital era to auditing and the quality of information.
Liveraging Supply Chain Management Practices, Logistics Capability and Innovation for the Sustainable Competitive Advantage of Smallholder Furniture Manufacurers in Glenview, Zimbabwe. Original Research Article Country Zimbabwe
SMEs constitute a significant part of the global value and supply chain systems. They play a fundamental role in socio-economic growth and development of both developed and developing nations as they make goods and services available in the wider market, enhance competition and create employment.This study was done to measure the impact of supply chain management practices, logistics capabilities, supply chain innovation and the mediating effect of SME owners/managers traits on sustainable competitive advantage of SMEs at Glenview Furniture Market. The study was done on 164 smallholder furniture manufacturers who were selected randomly from various market manufacturing stalls. Data was collected using a questionnaire which was collected after some minutes to enable data analysis. Descriptive research design methodology was adopted. The study established that Owner/Manager traits and Supply chain management had insignificant effect on sustainable competitive advantage. However, Logistics capabilities and Innovations had significant impacts on sustainable competitive advantage of smallholder SMEs at the Glenview furniture market.
Problems Encountered in the Implementation of Fire Safety Innovations among the Selected Business Establishments: Basis for Proposed Intervention Scheme Original Research Article Country Zimbabwe
: This study aimed to look into fire safety measures on specific business premises, emphasizing beach resorts in Cagwait, Surigao del Sur. The goals were to identify and document innovative approaches to fire prevention currently used by these establishments, to assess the challenges and obstacles encountered during implementing these fire safety innovations, and to determine the best fire prevention practices that have proven effective among the selected resorts. Furthermore, the study plans to undertake a SWOT analysis to thoroughly assess the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of implementing fire safety measures. Based on the conclusions of these studies, the paper proposes a strategic intervention scheme. The researchers used the interview technique to gather information from the 11 key informants of the 11 identified resorts. The study highlights that all 11 resorts prioritize safety with strategically placed fire extinguishers, forming a solid basis for fire prevention. Fire drills are regularly conducted at five resorts, enhancing staff readiness and preparedness. Additionally, three resorts are dedicated to streamlined evacuation procedures with well-maintained emergency exits for optimal efficiency. These integrated measures highlight the importance of a comprehensive fire safety strategy in resort management. Through infrastructure provisions, staff training initiatives, and ongoing maintenance efforts, these resorts synergize to effectively mitigate fire risks, ensuring the safety and well-being of all stakeholders. The study recommends providing comprehensive fire prevention training by engaging stakeholders such as the Local Government Unit (LGU) and the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP).
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