Microfinance institutions (MFIs) are acknowledged as official financial intermediaries serving the under-banked population. There has been a drastic negative decrease in the ROA between of the licensed MFBs in Kenya, 2015 to 2017 followed with fuzzy unpredictable ROA for the remaining years running to 2022. The main objective of this motivation was to use the current data to analyze the determinant of performance of the licensed Microfinance Institutions in Kenya. Specifically, the study analyzed; the loan portfolio quality of MFIs in Kenya, the efficiency of MFI’s in Kenya and the capital adequacy of MFIs in Kenya. The study was based on Efficient Structure Theory and Capital Buffer Theory. The investigator adopted explanatory research design based on the secondary data obtained from published statements of accounts of all licensed Microfinance Banks by Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) publications for ten years. The study took a census of the 13 licensed Microfinance Banks by Central Bank of Kenya over the 10 years panel period of the study. The investigator found compelling evidence to support a positive and significant relationship between loan portfolio quality and operational efficiency with Return on Assets (ROA) among these institutions. This suggests that MFBs that prioritize maintaining high-quality loan portfolios and operate efficiently are more likely to achieve better returns on their assets. Conversely, the findings revealed an insignificant relationship between capital adequacy and the financial performance of licensed MFBs in Kenya. This suggests that while capital adequacy is traditionally considered crucial for financial stability and profitability in the banking sector, it may not have the same impact on MFBs in the Kenyan context.

Kenya's energy sector parastatals encounter notable challenges pertaining to organizational performance. According to KenGen's 2020 annual report, there was a 4% decline in revenue, dropping from Shs. 45.9 billion in 2019 to Shs. 44.1 billion in 2020, indicating a decrease in organizational performance. Similarly, Kenya Power experienced a 25% decrease in profits, falling from Shs. 3.5 billion in 2022 to Shs. 2.625 billion in 2023. It is against this problem that the researcher assessed the effect of process supply chain integration on the organizational performance of energy sector parastatals in Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was anchored on relational exchange theory. A descriptive research design was adopted.The target population was the energy sector parastatals in Nairobi County, including the Kenya Electricity Generating Company Limited, Geothermal Development Company, Kenya Electrical Transmission Company, Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority, Kenya Power and Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Corporation. Descriptive and inferential statistical methods were employed in data analysis. Descriptive findings revealed that the process supply chain integration affected the organizational performance of energy sector parastatals. The correlation analysis results showed that the relationship between process supply chain integration and organizational performance of energy sector parastatals was positive and significant (r=0.476**; p=0.000) at 1% significance level. Therefore, streamlined workflows, agile operations, and optimized processes determined the organizational performance. As per regression analysis results, the coefficient of determination was 0.226 thus 22.6% of variation in organizational performance was explained by changes in process supply chain integration. The study concluded that streamlined workflows allow organizations to minimize redundancies, thereby enhancing operational efficiency. Moreover, the agile operations enhance the response to market fluctuations and customer needs which consequently bolster revenue prospects, which means that process integration affected organizational performance. It was recommended that the energy sector parastatals should synchronize workflows, operations, and task interactions for seamless operations and enhanced efficiency. This will lead to increased operational efficiency, reduced redundancies, and minimized delays which will promote organizational performance.

This investigation explored the challenges faced by water service providers in Kenya amidst intensifying competitive pressures in the 21st century. With increasing demands for access to clean and reliable water, coupled with evolving regulatory frameworks and technological advancements, water providers are under growing pressure to adapt and thrive in a competitive environment. The research aimed to identify key strategies thattheWater Service Providers (WSPs)in Kenya can employ to manage the competitive pressures brought about by the 21st Century challenges. By analyzing the strategies such as;strategies to reduce None Revenue Water (NRW), customer expectation strategies, meeting regulatory requirement strategies, and strategies for the adoption of technological innovations. The study sought to uncover effective strategies for maintaining competitiveness and delivering quality services. Utilizing descriptive survey research design, the research aimed to provide practical insights and actionable recommendations for water service providers in Kenya. The investigation established that the four strategies used by WSPs in Nakuru County Kenya had positive significant effect 21st Century competitive pressure. The findings therefore will contribute to the development of strategic interventions and policy recommendations to support the resilience and growth of water service providers in Kenya. Ultimately, the research aims to ensure sustainable access to clean water for all Kenyan citizens while fostering innovation and efficiency in the water sector.

The aim of this paper is to show that the multidimensional notion of proximity does not necessarily lead to trust but paradoxically to mistrust between an individual (client) and an organisation, a microfinance institution (MFI) represented by its manager; contrary to what Dupuy &Torre (1998) maintain that trust rhymes with proximity. We mobilise the theory of social exchange through its trust component to support our approach. We adopt a mixed methodology, quali-quanti, based on the QCA technique on data from a 2nd category urban MFI in Libreville, Gabon, practising individual microcredit. We obtained two types of results. On the one hand, intuitive results indicate that trust is explained by geographical proximity and temporal proximity. Distrust is explained by the absence of temporal, geographical, professional and cultural proximity. On the other hand, the counter-intuitive results indicate that the absence of professional and cultural proximity paradoxically explains trust and geographical, professional and cultural proximity paradoxically explains mistrust. We have identified two managerial implications: (1) the introduction of two customer segmentation strategies for better monitoring, better knowledge of customers and a reduction in the risk of default; (2) the introduction of a microcredit application approval committee to prevent the manager from approving or granting microcredit unilaterally on the basis of emotional trust due to cultural and/or professional proximity.

This study assessed the risk management practices within businesses in Surigao City, Philippines, focusing on understanding the significant relationships and differences among five key indicators: risk identification, risk measurement and assessment, risk mitigation, risk reporting and monitoring, and risk governance.The research employed a descriptive survey method, purposive-convenience sampling, and engaged thirty-five businesses as respondents, utilizing a researcher-developed instrument validated by experts.The findings unveil the temporal distribution of enterprises, with a majority operating between 14 to 19 years.Risk identification, mitigation, and governance emerged as well-practiced aspects of the risk management process, while risk measurement and assessment, as well as risk reporting and monitoring, were moderately implemented.The study identifies significant variances, shedding light on intricate relationships within the risk management process. These insights contribute to understanding risk management in business enterprises, offering implications for research and practical applications.

In the age of digital transformation, ride-hailing services are one of the latest innovations in e-commerce. Grab, the leading ride-hailing service, holds over 50% of the market share in Vietnam. This study aims to investigate and evaluate the impact of customer experience on Gen Z customer loyalty in using Grab's ride-hailing services. With a sample survey of 344 Gen Z customers who use Grab's ride-hailing services in Hanoi, the study uses the PLS-SEM model for quantitative analysis to estimate the research model with 11 concepts, with the questionnaire developed through inheritance of previous research and in-depth interviews. The research results confirm the impact of 9 factors on Customer Experience, the direct impact of Customer Experience on Customer Loyalty and the mediating role of Customer Satisfaction in the relationship between Customer Experience and Customer Loyalty in the ride-hailing service. The study also makes practical contributions by providing managerial implications for businesses to enhance customer loyalty.

Globally, violent conflicts have had a profound impact on societies throughout history.It often has devastating consequences for individuals, communities, and entire societies, including loss of life, displacement, destruction of infrastructure and property, and long-term social and economic instability. The effects of conflict are often felt more acutely by women, who are more likely to experience gender-based violence, displacement, and economic and social marginalization. Women are underrepresented and marginalized in conflict management processes, despite their significant contributions to peace-building efforts.Despite some research on women's participation in peace building in Kenya, there is still a significant knowledge gap on levels of women's participation, the barriers, and challenges that women face, the role of women's initiative, best practices and lessons learned from women's participation in conflict management in Wajir County. The study sought to identify the current levels of women's participation and conflict management in Wajir East in Wajir County. The study is based on social learning theory and institution theory. The research utilized a mixed method design using quantitative data and qualitative data from interviews with Key informants. Descriptive research was used in Wajir County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Wajir East a constituency located within Wajir County targeting a sample of 177 participants which was drawn from a target population of 24,620 women above 18 years of age inWajir East Sub County. This study used a questionnaire and interview schedule. Construct validity and content validity were both used in this study. The reliability of the study tool was determined using Cronbach's alpha and evaluated at 0.70. The data collection procedure involved obtaining informed consent from participants. The data collected was cleaned and entered in SPSS for analysis. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics. The qualitative data was analyzed using a thematic approach. the findings suggests existence of recognition of women's active participation in decision-making processes and engagement in peace activities, challenges persist regarding the integration of their perspectives, representation in leadership roles, and access to resources. However, varied responses reflect the complex socio-cultural context and underscore the importance of addressing barriers to ensure more inclusive and effective peace-building efforts.

Dynamic scheduling approach within the adaptive planning enables the adjustments of project components, crucial for addressing shifting circumstances and challenges.This approach allows projects to remain responsive and resilient, particularly in environments characterized by fluctuating conditions. However, many developing nations, including Kenya, face insufficient infrastructure in rural regions, notably characterized by substandard roads. Despite the Kenyan government's efforts to enhance rural infrastructure, the state of rural roads remains a formidable challenge. It is against this problem that the researcher assessed the dynamic scheduling approach in the implementation of rural roads construction projects in Murang’a County, Kenya. The study was grounded in the adaptive project framework and employed a qualitative approach with an exploratory design. It focused on the 14 ongoing rural road construction projects located in Murang’a County, with the 14 project managers serving as the unit of observation. Utilizing a census technique, all 14 project managers were included in the research, and data collection was carried out through interview schedules. The collected interviews underwent thorough cleaning and organization before being transcribed into MS Word documents for analysis using NVIVO software. Subsequently, a deductive qualitative data analysis was conducted, aligning with predefined theme derived from the research question. Findings were presented through Tables. The findings of the study established that dynamic scheduling approach within adaptive planning was applied in the implementation of rural road construction projects. Dynamic scheduling allows for real-time adjustments to project schedules based on changing conditions. The study concluded that despite the utilization of dynamic scheduling approach in planning and implementing projects, delays persist, implying only a partial adoption of this approach. This hinders the timely adaptation of schedules to changing circumstances. Moreover, constraints related to resource allocation exacerbate delays despite the implementation of dynamic scheduling. Thus, while dynamic scheduling is employed to some extent, its effectiveness remains constrained in rural road construction project implementation. The study recommends that rural road construction project managers prioritize resource allocation for planning activities to maximize the implementation of dynamic scheduling. They should regularly assess to identify areas necessitating scheduling adjustments to address delays effectively.

In this article, the impact of accounting information on stock prices of companies in the Vietnam Stock Market (VSM) and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (HKEX) is studied using a mixed research method combining quantitative and qualitative approaches based on data collected from financial statements of 108 companies listed on HOSE, HNX, and UPCOM exchanges during the period of 2015-2021, and 83 companies listed on the HKEX during the period of 2017-2021. In the research, the Ohlson model is supplemented with 5 variables: ROA, ROE, DIV, DAR, and SIZE. The research results indicate a correlation between accounting information in financial statements and stock prices. In the Vietnam Stock Market, 65.87% of the impact of accounting information on stock prices is explained, while in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, 98.48% of the impact of accounting information on stock prices is explained. Furthermore, based on the assumption of market efficiency at the information equilibrium state, the appropriate coefficient of the GLS model in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange (R2 = 98.48%) is much higher than in the Vietnam Stock Market (R2 = 65.87%). This indicates a stronger influence of financial statements on stock prices in the Hong Kong Stock Exchange compared to the Vietnam Stock Market. Consequently, some policy implications are drawn for investors, regulatory agencies, and listed companies to minimize risks, support investors in selecting useful information when participating in the stock market.

The main objective of the study was to establish the influence of Project Beneficiary involvement in project identification on performance of Farmer Group projects in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was based on stake holders theory. Descriptive research design was used for this study. The research focused on 260 farmer group projects in Nakuru County that are benefiting the National Agricultural Rural Inclusive Growth Project in Molo, Naivasha ,Njoro, Bahati, and Kuresoi North Sub Counties. The sample size was 72 respondents and simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents. Data was collected through structured questionnaires. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 25 was used for analysis. Both descriptive and inferential statistics was used to examine the data. Frequencies means and percentages were used to analyse descriptive statistics., Pearson's correlation and multiple regression models was employed to understand more about the relationships between the variables in inferential statistics. Tables displayed the results of the analysis. The study results showed a strong positive statistically significant correlation between project beneficiary involvement in project identification on performance of Farmer group projects in Nakuru County. (r=813 ;p=0.000<0.05).From the regression analysis (R Square = 0.631) which shows performance of farm project is 63.1% as explained by the independent variables under this study while 36.1 % is the variation due to other variables which have not been covered in this study.

The main aim of the study was to determine the influence of project resource planning on the performance of county-funded rural road projects in Nakuru County. It wasgrounded on project management theory and conducted using a descriptive research design. The studytargeted 135 rural road projects in 9 sub-counties (Naivasha, Subukia, Bahati, Molo, Njoro, Kuresoi North, Kuresoi South, and Rongai) carried out during the fiscal year 2022/2023 by the County Government of Nakuru. Hence, the units of analysis were the 135 projects, whilethe units of observation were 135 contractors, 9 engineers, and 9 project managers, making a populationof 153 respondents. Primary data was collected using questionnaires. Data was entered and analyzed with SPSS version 25 statistical software. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were analyzed. Results indicateda strong positive and significant link (p=.000, r=0.886) between project resource planning and the performance of county-funded rural road projects. The regression analysis(R2 =.573) revealed thatthe independent variables as predictors, explain approximately 57.3% of the variance in project performance. This meant that the performance of rural road projects was collectively influenced by, project resource planning. The remaining 42.7% percentimplied that there are elements that influence the performance of rural road projectsthat are not covered in this study. The study concluded that project resource planning influences the performance of county-funded rural road projects in Nakuru County.

Budget absorption has been a major challenges facing the county government of Nakuru. As per the approved County Budget Review and Outlook 2020; in FY 2019/20, the County had an approved estimate of 21.9 billion but absorbed only 67 percent while as per CBROP FY 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2020/2021 the County Government of Nakuru failed to absorb/spend Ksh 3.1B, 4.7B, 5.9B, 6.64B depicting a budget absorption rate of 79%, 71%, 68%, 68% respectively therefore the study sought to assess the effect of revenue forecasting on budget absorption in the county government of Nakuru. The target population was 114 respondents who entailed chief officers in County treasury, directors in County treasury, County treasury staff, accounting officers from County entities/department, accountants from County departments, economist from County departments, sub County administrators, staff from County assembly who participate in budgeting and members of County budget and economic forum. Considering the target population is small the researcher used census technique to incorporate all the 114 targeted respondents. Questionnaire was used to collect the primary data desirable for the study. Reliability of the study instruments were determined by conducting a pilot test in Kericho County Government whereby 11 questionnaires were issued to chief /accounting officers in the County. Data that were gathered in this study were quantitative in nature. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in the study. Descriptive statistics involved the use of percentages, frequencies mean and standard deviation. Inferential statistic involved the use of correlation analysis to establish the nature of the relationship between variables. After analysis data was presented in form of table. From the analysis the study concluded that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between revenue forecasting(r = 0.441; p < 0.05) on the budget absorption in the County Government of Nakuru. The study recommended that the County Government of Nakuru should improve revenue forecasting methodologies by considering historical trends, economic indicators, and specific factors relevant to Nakuru County.

Kenyan supermarkets have undergone significant changes over the past decade, with the rise and fall of several supermarket chains.Uchumi, Nakumatt, and Tuskys are among the largest supermarket chains that have experienced financial difficulties and closures in recent years. For example, in 2017, Tuskys Supermarket had to close several of its branches due to low stock levels, leading to a loss of revenue and a decline in customer confidence. Therefore, the study sought to assess the effect of demand forecasting practices on performance of supermarkets in Nakuru City, Kenya. The research was anchored on contingency theory. The study adopted descriptive research design. The target population was 17 procurement officers, 40 logistic officers and 56 stores managers in 10 supermarkets in Nakuru City. Since the study population is small census design was adopted. A pilot study was conducted in Naivas, Quickmart and Yako supermarkets within Eldoret town where 11 questionnaires were issued to procurement officers and logistic officer. Reliability of the instruments was determined using Cronbach Alpha.The study findings revealed that there is a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between demand forecasting practices and performance of supermarkets in Nakuru City, Kenya (r=0.604, P=0.032). From the findings the study recommended that supermarkets in Nakuru City, Kenya should utilize historical sales data, market trends, and customer behavior analysis to develop more accurate demand forecasts and embrace advanced analytical tools to identify patterns and trends.

Productivity issues among flower farms in Nakuru County, Kenya, pose significant challenges to the sustainability and competitiveness of the industry. Despite the region's potential for flower production, there is a noticeable decline in productivity levels among employees, leading to reduced output and profitability for flower farms. One of the primary reasons for the poor productivity among flower farms in Nakuru County is the lack of effective management practices including unresolved conflicts. Therefore, this study sought to determine the effect of conflict resolution roles on employee productivity among flower farms in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study was anchored on the concept of Thomas-Kilmann's theory. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis were flower farms within Nakuru County who are members of Kenya Flower Council. The study purposively selected 19 flower farms which are registered with the Kenya Flower Council in Nakuru County. The study targeted 106 top-level managers and 179 middle level managers in the 19 flower firms in Nakuru County. Thus, the target population was 285 managers. Nassiuma’s formula was used to select a sample of 101 respondents. Structured questionnaires were used to collect primary data for the study. A pilot study was conducted at in Nyandarua County. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient was used to measure the internal consistency and validity of the study. Quantitative data was analysed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. Data was analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Data was presented in tables. The findings revealed that managers who adopt accommodating roles promote a cooperative and supportive atmosphere. The study concluded that there is a moderate positive and statistically significant correlation between conflict resolution roles on employee productivity in flower farms in Nakuru County.

This research aims to determine the relationship between language learning strategy and positive experiences of students as predictors of willingness to communicate in verbal communication. It is a quantitative study that utilized a descriptive correlational survey. The study was conducted in private universities in Davao City with 355 participants who were exclusively taking Filipino subjects. The instruments used in this research were divided into three parts, adapted from questionnaires from "Language Learning Strategies Among Saudi EFL College Students And Their Relationship To Students’ Perceptual Learning Style, Gender, Academic Major And Proficiency Level" by Saeed Saleh Alkahtani, "Preliminary Development Of The Positive Experiences At School Scale For Elementary School Children" by Michael Furlong, and "Willingness To Communicate Orally: The Case Of Iranian EFL Learners" by Elahe Tavakoli. As a result of this research, it was identified that the descriptive level of participants was high, indicating frequent demonstration of language learning strategy skills. Furthermore, in developing positive experiences of students, a high descriptive level was attained, suggesting that students frequently demonstrated capability in positive experiences. This research also showed that students' willingness to communicate in verbal communication received a high descriptive level, meaning that students frequently demonstrated the ability in oral communication. Additionally, the variables in this study showed a significant relationship. Therefore, due to the significant relationship of each variable, it was discovered that there is a meaningful relationship between the two predictors and the dependent variable.

Community development projects are essential for socio-economic progress, yet in Mogotio Sub County, Kenya, the impact of women's empowerment on project completion is understudied. Research highlights the crucial link between women's empowerment and active involvement in such projects, emphasizing its role in driving overall performance. This study investigates the influence of women's empowerment on the successful completion of community development projects in Mogotio Sub County, Kenya. The main objective of the study was: To find out the effect of Women Social Support Networks on completion of community development projects in Mogotio sub county. The study used a descriptive research design, the study aimed to provide an accurate representation of the situation. The target population was, 45,088 women above 18 years residing in Mogotio sub-county. The sampling procedure involved multi-stage sampling techniques, resulting in a sample size of 110 respondents. Data was collected through surveys using structured questionnaire. A pilot test was carried out involving 12 respondents from Baringo South sub-county to enhance the questionnaire's clarity, relevance, and reliability. Validity and reliability of the instrument was ensured through content validity determined by pilot testing and test-retest reliability assessment for internal consistency. Data analysis involved both qualitative and quantitative methods, with SPSS version 22 utilized for quantitative data analysis. Descriptive statistics was employed to analyze the data, and frequency tables was generated to present the findings accurately. The findings from the statistical analysis reveal significant correlations between social support networks, show strong positive relationships with project completion, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.449 to 0.572. Moreover, regression analysis demonstrates that this factor account for approximately 58.2% of the variance in project completion, highlighting its predictive value in understanding and improving project outcomes. The study recommends that policymakers prioritize initiatives aimed at strengthening social support networks to effectively promote the completion of community development projects.

The purpose of this study was to establish the influence of employee incentives on employee performance in the County Government of Kericho, Kenya. The study was anchored on Expectancy Theory. The study employed an explanatory research design. The target population for this study was all 1368 contracted and permanent employed employees from the various departments in the County Government of Kericho. Nassiuma’s statistical formulae was used to obtain a sample of 94 which was then be allocated using proportionate stratified sampling. Simple random sampling was then used on the sample obtained for each county department. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect primary data from the respondents. Before embarking on data collection, the research sought clearance from the university and then obtained a research permit from the National Council for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI). The data collection instrument was piloted on 10 respondents (10% of sample size) from County Government of Bomet who did not participate in the actual study. The data collected from the questionnaires were analyzed using both descriptive (means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation and regression) with the aid of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The study found a moderately strong positive correlation between employee incentive and employee performance (r =.470**, p=.000). The study also found an R-square of 0.221 which implied employee incentive explained 22.1% of variation in employee performance. The study recommends the need for county governments to institute incentives schemes that cater for all cadres of employees while focusing on incentives that are proven to enhance employee extrinsic motivation and thus lead to enhanced employee performance.

This review paper discusses the historical and theoretical traditions in teacher education in a language teaching by tracing back to the early 1970s when research was on what expert L2 teacher did in practice; mid 1970s, when research emphasis was on mastery of content, late 1970s, when teacher cognition was looked at a wider context where actual classrooms determined teacher’s behaviours, mid 1980s where L2 teachers work was shaped by prior experiences as students, their practical knowledge, values and beliefs and more recent, where work context shapes teachers’ conceptions of their profession.

This quantitative descriptive correlational research design employed an adapted survey questionnaire that examined the level of stress and burnout risk factors among public secondary school teachers. The main purpose of the study was to describe the perceived level of stress and evaluate if it was significantly influenced by the burnout risk factors. The results were significant for framing feasible solution before it breaks the teachers’ well-being. Results of the study showed that in general, there was a moderate level of stress among the teachers under survey. Regression analysis provided that the model can explain 60.8 % of the variability of the response data around its mean (F=24.854, ρ=.000) at 0.05 level of significance. Specifically, predictor variables demand, control, role and change have significant influence to the level of stress among teachers. Hence, it is assumed that these variables can significantly predict the stress levels of the teachers which calls for consideration in framing faculty development programs.

Using CLDS (2018) micro survey data, this paper empirically investigates the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) use on residents' willingness to participate in environmental protection and its mechanism from the unique perspective of waste classification and disposal. The results show that ICT use significantly increases residents' willingness to participate in environmental protection, and this result still holds after conducting robustness tests in multiple ways. The mechanism analysis shows that ICT use can improve residents' environmental supervision consciousness and social interaction level, and then positively affect residents' willingness to participate in environmental protection. Heterogeneity analysis shows that ICT use has a greater impact on the willingness to participate in the environmental protection of young and middle-aged people, groups with low human capital level and high material capital level. This study provides a new explanation for understanding residents' environmental behavior from a micro perspective and provides some empirical evidence for the formulation of public policies on environmental protection.

The Taliban Islamic organization passed several complicated development stages. Despite a long period of its formation, the way of its development as that of an Islamic organization, remains vague. The Taliban Islamic organization appeared at the Afghan political arena in the first half of the 1990s. It was the period when the USSR army left Afghanistan that led to a certain political vacuum in the country. A severe political condition, with the nationwide instability, led to the formation of the organization. Taliban happened to be the force that succeeded in holding the ruling power and aimed to create an Islamic state in Afghanistan based on Quran and Sharia law. Mullah Omar, the organization head, succeeded in managing this political process despite being a ruler for a brief period of time. The Taliban government carried out especially severe repressions against women. The laws imposed nationwide were far beyond the Quran and Sharia law. For this mode of ruling the country, the Taliban rule is recognized by almost no countries, but the Taliban Islamic organization still represents a significant force for the whole world.

The advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has rendered GDP forecasting more critical than ever. Despite numerous challenges, Vietnam's GDP growth rate remained positive throughout the two years of the pandemic, reflecting the resilience and concerted efforts of the Vietnamese Government and its citizens. While the post-COVID-19 economic landscape remains fraught with uncertainties, projections indicate continued stable growth over this decade. This study compiles data on GDP per capita from 1985 to 2023 to facilitate forecasts for the period from 2024 to 2030. The primary objective is to elucidate the current trajectory of Vietnam's GDP growth and to provide robust forecasts for GDP per capita over the next seven years using both linear and nonlinear regression models. Through this analysis, the study aims to propose strategic measures to bolster Vietnam's economic development in the post-COVID-19 era.

Community development initiatives have emerged as a crucial element in transforming the lives of local residents. Numerous projects have been implemented within communities with the aim of enhancing their quality of life. Governments and Non-Governmental Organizations have played a significant role in launching these projects, primarily focusing on reducing poverty and enhancing overall well-being in the region. This study sought to examine the community participation determinants and implementation of ward-based fund projects in Maralal town ward. Specifically the study aimed to examine the influence of culture on community participation in implementation of Ward-Based Fund Projects. The study used descriptive research design and targeted a population of 17,400 who were the registered voters in the ward. From this population a sample of 202 respondents was picked using stratified sampling technique and proportionate random sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed using Pearson’s product moment correlation technique and SPSS V. 26. The findings of this study were presented using tables and figures. From the findings, it was established that Community Participation in Project Implementation without the influence of the predictor variables was 1.082. Results also illustrated that a unit increase in cultural beliefs would result to 0.159 times increase in Community Participation in Project Implementation. Recognizing the significant influence of cultural beliefs on community participation, the study recommends policymakers to incorporate cultural sensitivity into project design. Cultural awareness training for project planners and leaders can enhance their ability to align projects with community values, fostering greater acceptance and engagement.

The study examined transformational leadership on employee commitment within the production department of a manufacturing Group of company in Jos City, Nigeria. Specifically, it assessed the extent of transformational leadership practices, levels of employee commitment, the correlation between transformational leadership behaviors and employee commitment, and the challenges faced in implementing transformational leadership. A descriptive-correlational research design was employed, involving 73 employees as respondents. The study was anchored on transformational leadership theory. Findings indicated that transformational leadership is frequently practiced by leaders in the manufacturing company, resulting in high levels of employee commitment to their work and the organization. The study revealed that effective implementation of transformational leadership practices significantly enhances employee commitment. However, despite these positive outcomes, employees reported working under pressure and within limited time frames, which undermines the successful implementation of transformational leadership. Based on these findings, conclusions were drawn, and recommendations were proposed to address the challenges of transformational leadership and improve employee commitment, targeting relevant stakeholders within the organization.

The contribution of life insurance sector to Kenya’s GDP dropped to 3.4% in 2019 compared 3.5% in 2018. This means that other sectors of the economy grew faster than life insurance. According to Third Medium Term Report, Health insurance coverage in Kenya is generally low 19%. It is important to note that Third Medium Term Plan (2018-2022) has not addressed firm financial characteristics and insurance penetration of the Life Insurance Firms in Kenya. The general objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between firm financial characteristics and insurance penetration in Kenya. The study is based on the Liquid Asset Theory. The study was based on positivists’ research philosophy. This study adopted longitudinal research design and targeted 18 companies as the sample size suitable to attain the set objectives. Both primary and secondary data was collected. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire while secondary data was collected using a secondary data collection schedule. Data was analyzed using panel data regression based on Hausman Test which was used to choose between fixed and random model. The study established that there was significant evidence for a relationship between liquidity and insurance penetration in this model. The study concluded that policies and initiatives aimed at promoting insurance penetration in Kenya should consider not only the characteristics of individual consumers but also the characteristics of firms.

Implementing procurement procedures in public health facilities in Nakuru County ensure the quality of goods and services acquired, leading to better healthcare outcomes for patients and timely delivery of supplies. Regardless of the effort by the public health facilities in Nakuru County to improve performance of the procurement function, poor implementation and non-compliance to procurement regulations still pose as key challenges. The study therefore sought to determine the effect of work specialization on the implementation of procurement procedures in public health facilities in Nakuru, Kenya. The study was anchored on contingency theory. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The study targeted 82 respondents involved in the procurement process in health facilities; they include medical officer in charge of the various targeted health facilities, procurement officers and department heads from user departments in health facilities in Nakuru County. The study adopted Slovins’ formula to get the sample size of 68 respondents from the total target population. The researcher further used simple random sampling to select the sample size for each of the category of the target group. A pilot-test was conducted at Kericho County Referral hospital where 7 questionnaires were issued out. Data was collected using the drop and pick later method which was best collected after two weeks. In this method, the consent statement was issued and then the questionnaire administered. Quantitative data was analysed by use of Statistical Package for Social Sciences. The study adopted descriptive and inferential statistic. The study concluded that there is a positive and statistically significant correlation between work specializations on implementation of procurement procedures in public health facilities in Nakuru County. The study recommends that work specialization within the procurement process can be optimized by embracing division of labor and expertise-based delegation. The division of labor should be conducted strategically, ensuring that tasks are distributed among team members in a way that matches their strengths and competencies.

According to Third Medium Term Report, Health insurance coverage in Kenya is generally low 19%. The general objective of the study was to analyze the relationship between capital adequacy and insurance penetration in Kenya. The study is based on Efficient Structure Theory. The study was based on positivists’ research philosophy. This study adopted longitudinal research design and targeted all the 26 registered life insurance firms in Kenya, which were operational from 2011 to 2022 and had filed their audited financial statements with the insurance regulatory authority for the period (IRA, 2020). There were only 18 Life Insurance Firms that met the criteria for the study where such have been operated since the year 2011 which is the period of the study. The study therefore purposively took the 18 companies as the sample size suitable to attain the set objectives. Primary data was collected using a questionnaire while secondary data was collected using a secondary data collection schedule. Data was analyzed using panel data regression based on Hausman Test which was used to choose between fixed and random model. The study established that capital adequacy had a significant relationship with insurance penetration. The study concluded that policies and initiatives aimed at promoting insurance penetration in Kenya should consider not only the characteristics of individual consumers but also the characteristics of firms, particularly their state of capital adequacy.